Rules for Any Mode of Transport

EXW (Ex Works, named place of delivery) – the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has made the goods available at his premises (e.g. factory, warehouse). The buyer is responsible for loading the goods on the vehicle and for clearing the goods for export, unless otherwise agreed. This term places the maximum obligation on the buyer and the minimum obligation on the seller.

FCA (Free Carrier, named place of delivery) – the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the charge of the carrier at the named place of delivery. This is a universal term of delivery. In this case, there are two possible delivery locations:

a) Seller's premises – the seller is responsible for loading the goods on the vehicle and bears all costs and risks related to this.

b) Any other place – the seller delivers the goods to a carrier nominated by the buyer who is then responsible for unloading the goods. The buyer pays for the unloading costs.

CPT (Carriage Paid to, named place of destination) – the seller pays for the carriage of the goods up to the named place of destination. The buyer bears the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs once the goods have been handed over to the carrier. The seller is responsible for clearing the goods for export, the buyer is responsible for clearing the goods for import.

CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid to, named place of destination) – the seller pays for the carriage of the goods and for insurance coverage up to the named place of destination. The seller bears the cost of clearing the goods for export, the buyer bears the cost of clearing the goods for import.

DAT (Delivered At Terminal, named terminal at port or place of destination) – the seller bears all costs of carriage (except import clearance costs) up to the named terminal and bears all risks until the goods have been unloaded at the named terminal at port or place of destination.

DAP (Delivered At Place, named place of destination) – the seller bears all costs of carriage (except import clearance costs) up to the named place and bears all risks until the goods are ready for the buyer to unload at the named place of destination.

DDP (Delivered Duty Paid, named place of destination) – the seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the named place in the country of the buyer, and bears all costs of carriage up to the destination including import duties and taxes. The buyer is responsible for unloading. This term places the maximum obligations on the seller and minimum obligations on the buyer.

Rules for Sea and Inland Waterway Transport

FAS (Free Alongside Ship, named port of shipment) – the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been placed alongside the vessel on the quay at the named port of shipment. The buyer bears all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that moment. The seller is responsible for clearing the goods for export and bears all costs and risks related to this. It is typically used for heavy or bulk goods.

FOB (Free On Board, named port of shipment) – the seller is responsible for delivering the goods on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods transfers when the goods are on board the vessel, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment. The seller is responsible for clearing the goods for export. 

CFR (Cost and Freight, named port of destination) – the seller is required to conclude a contract of carriage for the transport of the goods to the port of destination; the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs transfer from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ship's rail in the named port of destination. Insurance is not included in the price. Cost distribution has an important role in the contract of carriage. The seller bears the costs and risks of clearing the goods for export, the buyer bears the costs and risks of clearing the goods for import. When the ship's rail serves no practical purpose, the CPT term is more appropriate to use. General terms o

CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight, named port of destination) – CIF differs from the CFR term in that the seller is also required to obtain insurance for the goods while in transit to the named port of destination. The seller is responsible for clearing the goods for export, the buyer is responsible for clearing the goods for import.

Useful links:

General conditions of elfa for carriage of goods by road

https://www.elea.ee/general-conditions-of-elfa-for-carriage-of-goods-by-road/?lang=en

Elfas general terms and conditions for warehouse keepers

https://www.elea.ee/elfas-general-terms-and-conditions-for-warehousekeepers-2/?lang=en